Overview
Public key authentication is a way of logging into an SSH/SFTP account using a cryptographic key rather than a password.
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If you use very strong SSH/SFTP passwords, your accounts are already safe from brute force attacks. However, using public key authentication provides many benefits when working with multiple developers. For example, with SSH keys you can
- allow multiple developers to log in as the same system user without having to share a single password between them;
- revoke a single developer's access without revoking access by other developers; and
- make it easier for a single developer to log in to many accounts without needing to manage many different passwords.
How Public Key Authentication Works
Ssh Key Setup
Keys come in pairs of a public key and a private key. Each key pair is unique, and the two keys work together.
These two keys have a very special and beautiful mathematical property: if you have the private key, you can prove you have it without showing what it is. It's like proving you know a password without having to show someone the password.
Public key authentication works like this:
- Generate a key pair.
- Give someone (or a server) the public key.
- Later, anytime you want to authenticate, the person (or the server) asks you to prove you have the private key that corresponds to the public key.
- You prove you have the private key.
You don't have to do the math or implement the key exchange yourself. The SSH server and client programs take care of this for you.
Generate an SSH Key Pair
You should generate your key pair on your laptop, not on your server. All Mac and Linux systems include a command called ssh-keygen that will generate a new key pair.
If you're using Windows, you can generate the keys on your server. Just remember to copy your keys to your laptop and delete your private key from the server after you've generated it.
To generate an SSH key pair, run the command ssh-keygen.
It will look like this when you run it:
You'll be prompted to choose the location to store the keys. The default location is good unless you already have a key. Press Enter to choose the default location. Doom 3 resurrection of evil cd key generator reviews.
Next, you'll be asked to choose a password. Using a password means a password will be required to use the private key. It's a good idea to use a password on your private key.
After you choose a password, your public and private keys will be generated. There will be two different files. The one named id_rsa is your private key. The one named id_rsa.pub is your public key.
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You'll also be shown a fingerprint and 'visual fingerprint' of your key. You do not need to save these.
Configure an SSH/SFTP User for Your Key
Method 1: Using ssh-copy-id
Now that you have an SSH key pair, you're ready to configure your app's system user so you can SSH or SFTP in using your private key.
To copy your public key to your server, run the following command. Be sure to replace 'x.x.x.x' with your server's IP address and SYSUSER with the name of the the system user your app belongs to.
Method 2: Manual Configuration
If you don't have the ssh-copy-id command (for example, if you are using Windows), you can instead SSH in to your server and manually create the .ssh/authorized_keys file so it contains your public key.
First, run the following commands to make create the file with the correct permissions.
Next, edit the file .ssh/authorized_keys using your preferred editor. Copy and paste your id_rsa.pub file into the file.
Log In Using Your Private Key
You can now SSH or SFTP into your server using your private key. From the command line, you can use:
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If you didn't create your key in the default location, you'll need to specify the location:
If you're using a Windows SSH client, such as PuTTy, look in the configuration settings to specify the path to your private key.
Granting Access to Multiple Keys
The .ssh/authorized_keys file you created above uses a very simple format: it can contain many keys as long as you put one key on each line in the file.
If you have multiple keys (for example, one on each of your laptops) or multiple developers you need to grant access to, just follow the same instructions above using ssh-copy-id or manually editing the file to paste in additional keys, one on each line.
When you're done, the .ssh/authorized_keys file will look something like this (don't copy this, use your own public keys):
Additional Information
Retrieve Your Public Key from Your Private Key
The following command will retrieve the public key from a private key:
This can be useful, for example, if your server provider generated your SSH key for you and you were only able to download the private key portion of the key pair.
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Note that you cannot retrieve the private key if you only have the public key.
Correcting Permissions on the .ssh Directory
The instructions in this article will create your server's .ssh directory and .ssh/authorized_keys file with the correct permissions. However, if you've created them yourself and need to fix permissions, you can run the following commands on your server while SSH'd in as your app's system user.
Generated Ssh Key Being Denied For A
Disabling Password Authentication
NOTE: When changing anything about the way SSH is accessed(ports, authentication methods, et cetera), it is very strongly recommended to leave an active root SSH session open until everything is working as intended. This ensures you have a way to revert changes in the event something goes wrongand logins are not working properly.
As an extra security precaution, once you have set up SSH keys, you may wish to disable password authentication entirely. This will mean no users will be able to log into SSH or SFTP without SSH keys. Anyone entering a password will receive a message like:
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Disabling password authentication is an excellent way to improve server security. Please see our guide here for the steps to accomplish this goal.
Then, test whether you're able to log in with a password by opening a new SSH or SFTP session to the server. Passwords should not be able to be used and, if everything has been done correctly, an error will be issued when someone tries to use a password. Unless this setting is changed back to allow password authentication, no users will be able to log in without an SSH key set up.
When configuring SSH password-less login with an ssh-key, the ssh-key generated and transferred to the server seems to not work when I try to login. Why is the ssh-key authentication failing?
Ssh Key Generation Linux
You might find yourself in the situation that you have configured SSH passwordless login with SSH-key and transferred the ssh-key either by “ssh-copy-id” or manually, but on the first login attempt, ssh is still asking for a password.
The ssh server log might show you an error message like the following. This would just indicate that the authentication via ssh-key failed but give no reason:
The reason for the key based authenitication failing SELinux. To make certain that SELinux is the reason, check the auditd log. The related line in the /var/log/audit will look something like this:
The auditd log shows the cause of the problem. The authorized_keys file that is inside the user’s home directory has the wrong context. In this example, the context of the file is “unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0”. The context sshd is running in does not have access to this context, resulting in SELinux denying access to the file. With no access to the file, the key authentication fails.
If this happens on a normal user, you can simply run the following command in the user’s home directory to restore the default context. This is done using the restorecon(8) program. Run the following command in the home directory of the user to restore the default SElinux context:
When the user’s home directory is not in the default location, this might not help. Lets assume the user’s home directory is the document root of the webserver. Restoring the SELinux context will not solve the problem as the default context for the document root is “unconfined_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0”. Instead of restoring the context with restorecon, the context of the files can be set using the chcon(1) program:
This command will set the SELinux security context explicitly to “unconfined_u:object_r:user_home_t:s0” which allows sshd to access it. As soon as the command is executed, the ssh login with the ssh-key should work.
When you check the ssh server log now, you should see that the key authentication was accepted when you try to login:
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